{"id":7663,"date":"2022-02-18T09:36:31","date_gmt":"2022-02-18T09:36:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jose-aguilar.com\/blog\/?p=7663"},"modified":"2022-02-18T09:52:42","modified_gmt":"2022-02-18T09:52:42","slug":"3-soluciones-eficaces-para-recoger-datos-de-un-formulario-y-enviarlo-por-ajax","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jose-aguilar.com\/blog\/3-soluciones-eficaces-para-recoger-datos-de-un-formulario-y-enviarlo-por-ajax\/","title":{"rendered":"3 soluciones eficaces para recoger datos de un formulario y enviarlo por Ajax"},"content":{"rendered":"

En este art\u00edculo vengo a darte a conocer 3 formas diferentes y eficaces para recoger datos de un formulario usando jQuery<\/strong> con el objetivo de enviar la informaci\u00f3n v\u00eda Ajax<\/strong> al servidor.<\/p>\n

Vienen siendo soluciones que he podido encontrar y aplicar en mis proyectos durante los m\u00e1s de 15 a\u00f1os de mi carrera como programador freelance.<\/p>\n

DataString<\/h2>\n

En la mayor\u00eda de entradas o tutoriales que hay en este blog que te ilustran sobre Ajax<\/strong> siempre he estado recogiendo la informaci\u00f3n de los formularios con un string data de la forma siguiente:<\/p>\n

<\/a>Source code<\/a><\/td><\/a> <\/a> <\/a> <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
$(<\/span>'#dataStringExample button'<\/span>)<\/span>.on<\/span>(<\/span>'click'<\/span>,<\/span> function<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>\n        var<\/span> email =<\/span> $(<\/span>'#dataStringExample input[name="email"]'<\/span>)<\/span>.val<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span>\n        var<\/span> password =<\/span> $(<\/span>'#dataStringExample input[name="password"]'<\/span>)<\/span>.val<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span>\n        var<\/span> dataString =<\/span> 'email='<\/span>+<\/span>email+<\/span>'&password='<\/span>+<\/span>password;<\/span>\n \n        alert<\/span>(<\/span>'Enviando datos con dataString!\\r<\/span>\\r<\/span>Informaci\u00f3n antes de enviar a Ajax:\\r<\/span>\\r<\/span>'<\/span> +<\/span> dataString)<\/span>;<\/span>\n \n        $.ajax<\/span>(<\/span>{<\/span>\n            type:<\/span> 'POST'<\/span>,<\/span>\n            url:<\/span> 'process.php'<\/span>,<\/span>\n            data:<\/span> dataString,<\/span>\n            dataType:<\/span> 'json'<\/span>,<\/span>\n            success:<\/span> function<\/span>(<\/span>response)<\/span> {<\/span>\n                var<\/span> message =<\/span> `\n                    La informaci\u00f3n ha sido recibida en el servidor!<\/span>\\r\\r\n                    Email:<\/span> ${<\/span>response.email<\/span>}<\/span>\\r\n                    Contrse\u00f1a:<\/span> ${<\/span>response.password<\/span>}<\/span>\\r\\r\n                    Token:<\/span> ${<\/span>response.password_md5<\/span>}<\/span>\\r\\r\n                    Gracias!<\/span>\n                `;<\/span>\n                alert<\/span>(<\/span>message)<\/span>;<\/span>\n            }<\/span>\n        }<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span>\n    }<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/pre><\/div><\/div><\/pre>\n
Este c\u00f3digo est\u00e1 muy bien y funciona.<\/p>\n
Al hacer clic en un bot\u00f3n, recupero la informaci\u00f3n de 2 variables con nombre \u00abusername\u00bb y \u00abpassword\u00bb y luego armo un dataString para asignarlo al data de la llamada Ajax<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
En este punto, imag\u00ednate un sistema que permita al usuario iniciar sesi\u00f3n en un sitio web o algo similar.<\/p>\n
En la llamada Ajax<\/strong> se ejecutar\u00eda el fichero process.php<\/em> que har\u00eda la acci\u00f3n de verificar que los datos de usuario existen y proceder as\u00ed a la entrada al sistema.<\/p>\n
En el HTML<\/strong> de tu formulario no hace falta usar las etiquetas <form>. Puedes crear los campos directamente tal como sigue:<\/p>\n
<\/a>Source code<\/a><\/td><\/a> <\/a> <\/a> <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
<div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"card"<\/span> id<\/span>=<\/span>"dataStringExample"<\/span>><\/span>\n    <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"card-header"<\/span>><\/span>\n        DataString\n    <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n    <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"card-body"<\/span>><\/span>\n        <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"input-group mb-3"<\/span>><\/span>\n            <input<\/span><\/a> type<\/span>=<\/span>"email"<\/span> class<\/span>=<\/span>"form-control"<\/span> name<\/span>=<\/span>"email"<\/span> placeholder=<\/span>"Email"<\/span> required><\/span>\n            <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"input-group-append"<\/span>><\/span>\n                <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"input-group-text"<\/span>><\/span>\n                    <span<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"fa fa-envelope"<\/span>><\/<\/span>span<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n                <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n            <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n        <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n        <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"input-group mb-3"<\/span>><\/span>\n            <input<\/span><\/a> type<\/span>=<\/span>"password"<\/span> class<\/span>=<\/span>"form-control"<\/span> name<\/span>=<\/span>"password"<\/span> placeholder=<\/span>"Contrase\u00f1a"<\/span> required><\/span>\n            <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"input-group-append"<\/span>><\/span>\n                <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"input-group-text"<\/span>><\/span>\n                    <span<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"fa fa-lock"<\/span>><\/<\/span>span<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n                <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n            <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n        <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n    <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n    <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"card-footer"<\/span>><\/span>\n        <button<\/span><\/a> type<\/span>=<\/span>"button"<\/span> class<\/span>=<\/span>"btn btn-primary btn-block submitLogin"<\/span>><\/span>Entrar<\/<\/span>button<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n    <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n<\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n
Ten en cuenta que estoy usando las clases de Bootstrap para el dise\u00f1o o aspecto del formulario.<\/p>\n
Objeto FormData<\/h2>\n
Los objetos FormData<\/em> te permiten compilar un conjunto de pares clave\/valor para enviar al servidor mediante Ajax<\/strong>, XMLHttpRequest<\/strong> o fetch<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Estos datos est\u00e1n destinados principalmente para el env\u00edo de datos de un formulario pero se pueden utilizar de forma independiente con el objetivo de transmitir los datos tecleados.<\/p>\n
Se puede emplear como una simulaci\u00f3n o reemplazo de la funci\u00f3n submit() de un formulario.<\/p>\n
De forma din\u00e1mica, puedes incrementar la informaci\u00f3n del formulario evitando as\u00ed los campos de tipo oculto.<\/p>\n
Bas\u00e1ndonos en el ejemplo, el objeto FormData<\/em> lo suelo usar as\u00ed:<\/p>\n
<\/a>Source code<\/a><\/td><\/a> <\/a> <\/a> <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
$(<\/span>'#formDataExample button'<\/span>)<\/span>.on<\/span>(<\/span>'click'<\/span>,<\/span> function<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>\n        var<\/span> email =<\/span> $(<\/span>'#formDataExample input[name="email"]'<\/span>)<\/span>.val<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span>\n        var<\/span> password =<\/span> $(<\/span>'#formDataExample input[name="password"]'<\/span>)<\/span>.val<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span>\n \n        var<\/span> params =<\/span> new<\/span> FormData(<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span>\n        params.append<\/span>(<\/span>'email'<\/span>,<\/span> email)<\/span>;<\/span>\n        params.append<\/span>(<\/span>'password'<\/span>,<\/span> password)<\/span>;<\/span>\n \n        alert<\/span>(<\/span>'Enviando datos con el objeto FormData!\\r<\/span>\\r<\/span>Informaci\u00f3n antes de enviar a Ajax:\\r<\/span>\\r<\/span>Email:'<\/span> +<\/span> email +<\/span> '\\r<\/span>Contrase\u00f1a: '<\/span> +<\/span> password)<\/span>;<\/span>\n \n        $.ajax<\/span>(<\/span>{<\/span>\n            type:<\/span> 'POST'<\/span>,<\/span>\n            url:<\/span> 'process.php'<\/span>,<\/span>\n            data:<\/span> params,<\/span>\n            cache:<\/span> false<\/span>,<\/span>\n            contentType:<\/span> false<\/span>,<\/span>\n            processData:<\/span> false<\/span>,<\/span>\n            dataType:<\/span> 'json'<\/span>,<\/span>\n            success:<\/span> function<\/span>(<\/span>response)<\/span> {<\/span>\n                var<\/span> message =<\/span> `\n                    La informaci\u00f3n ha sido recibida en el servidor!<\/span>\\r\\r\n                    Email:<\/span> ${<\/span>response.email<\/span>}<\/span>\\r\n                    Contrse\u00f1a:<\/span> ${<\/span>response.password<\/span>}<\/span>\\r\\r\n                    Token:<\/span> ${<\/span>response.password_md5<\/span>}<\/span>\\r\\r\n                    Gracias!<\/span>\n                `;<\/span>\n                alert<\/span>(<\/span>message)<\/span>;<\/span>\n            }<\/span>\n        }<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span>\n    }<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n
Es la misma idea pero, en este caso, estoy agregando las variables del formulario en el objeto FormData<\/em> para asignarlo al data que deseo enviar al servidor mediante la t\u00e9cnica Ajax<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
En el HTML<\/strong> de tu formulario no hace falta usar las etiquetas <form>. Puedes crear los campos directamente y funcionar\u00eda igual.<\/p>\n
En este caso, el c\u00f3digo de marcado o HTML<\/strong> ser\u00e1 muy similiar o id\u00e9ntico al anterior:<\/p>\n
<\/a>Source code<\/a><\/td><\/a> <\/a> <\/a> <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
<div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"card"<\/span> id<\/span>=<\/span>"formDataExample"<\/span>><\/span>\n    <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"card-header"<\/span>><\/span>\n        FormData Object\n    <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n    <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"card-body"<\/span>><\/span>\n        <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"input-group mb-3"<\/span>><\/span>\n            <input<\/span><\/a> type<\/span>=<\/span>"email"<\/span> class<\/span>=<\/span>"form-control"<\/span> name<\/span>=<\/span>"email"<\/span> placeholder=<\/span>"Email"<\/span> required><\/span>\n            <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"input-group-append"<\/span>><\/span>\n                <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"input-group-text"<\/span>><\/span>\n                    <span<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"fa fa-envelope"<\/span>><\/<\/span>span<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n                <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n            <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n        <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n        <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"input-group mb-3"<\/span>><\/span>\n            <input<\/span><\/a> type<\/span>=<\/span>"password"<\/span> class<\/span>=<\/span>"form-control"<\/span> name<\/span>=<\/span>"password"<\/span> placeholder=<\/span>"Contrase\u00f1a"<\/span> required><\/span>\n            <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"input-group-append"<\/span>><\/span>\n                <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"input-group-text"<\/span>><\/span>\n                    <span<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"fa fa-lock"<\/span>><\/<\/span>span<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n                <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n            <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n        <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n    <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n    <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"card-footer"<\/span>><\/span>\n        <button<\/span><\/a> type<\/span>=<\/span>"button"<\/span> class<\/span>=<\/span>"btn btn-primary btn-block submitLogin"<\/span>><\/span>Entrar<\/<\/span>button<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n    <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n<\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n
Serialize()<\/h2>\n
jQuery<\/strong> tiene una funci\u00f3n llamada serialize()<\/em> que te puede ahorrar mucho trabajo.<\/p>\n
Esta funci\u00f3n permite transformar la informaci\u00f3n que viene del formulario en una cadena de texto apta para construir un dataString que puede recibir un archivo PHP<\/strong> cuando se ejecuta una llamada Ajax<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
En formularios largos esta funci\u00f3n puede ahorrarte mucho trabajo.<\/p>\n
En este caso, se puede usar as\u00ed:<\/p>\n
<\/a>Source code<\/a><\/td><\/a> <\/a> <\/a> <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
$(<\/span>'#serializeExample button'<\/span>)<\/span>.on<\/span>(<\/span>'click'<\/span>,<\/span> function<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>\n        alert<\/span>(<\/span>'Enviando datos con la funci\u00f3n serialize!\\r<\/span>\\r<\/span>Informaci\u00f3n antes de enviar a Ajax:\\r<\/span>\\r<\/span>'<\/span> +<\/span> $(<\/span>'#serializeExample form'<\/span>)<\/span>.serialize<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span>\n \n        $.ajax<\/span>(<\/span>{<\/span>\n            type:<\/span> 'POST'<\/span>,<\/span>\n            url:<\/span> 'process.php'<\/span>,<\/span>\n            data:<\/span> $(<\/span>'#serializeExample form'<\/span>)<\/span>.serialize<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span>\n            dataType:<\/span> 'json'<\/span>,<\/span>\n            success:<\/span> function<\/span>(<\/span>response)<\/span> {<\/span>\n                var<\/span> message =<\/span> `\n                    La informaci\u00f3n ha sido recibida en el servidor!<\/span>\\r\\r\n                    Email:<\/span> ${<\/span>response.email<\/span>}<\/span>\\r\n                    Contrse\u00f1a:<\/span> ${<\/span>response.password<\/span>}<\/span>\\r\\r\n                    Token:<\/span> ${<\/span>response.password_md5<\/span>}<\/span>\\r\\r\n                    Gracias!<\/span>\n                `;<\/span>\n                alert<\/span>(<\/span>message)<\/span>;<\/span>\n            }<\/span>\n        }<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span>\n    }<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n
En el HTML<\/strong> de tu formulario se requiere usar las etiquetas <form> para poder serializar los campos del formulario.<\/p>\n
En este caso, el c\u00f3digo de marcado es algo diferente.<\/p>\n
Bueno, la \u00fanica diferencia es que se debe incluir las etiquetas de formulario.<\/p>\n
<\/a>Source code<\/a><\/td><\/a> <\/a> <\/a> <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
<div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"card"<\/span> id<\/span>=<\/span>"serializeExample"<\/span>><\/span>\n    <form<\/span><\/a> method<\/span>=<\/span>"post"<\/span>><\/span>\n        <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"card-header"<\/span>><\/span>\n            Serialize\n        <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n        <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"card-body"<\/span>><\/span>\n            <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"input-group mb-3"<\/span>><\/span>\n                <input<\/span><\/a> type<\/span>=<\/span>"email"<\/span> class<\/span>=<\/span>"form-control"<\/span> name<\/span>=<\/span>"email"<\/span> placeholder=<\/span>"Email"<\/span> required><\/span>\n                <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"input-group-append"<\/span>><\/span>\n                    <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"input-group-text"<\/span>><\/span>\n                        <span<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"fa fa-envelope"<\/span>><\/<\/span>span<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n                    <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n                <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n            <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n            <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"input-group mb-3"<\/span>><\/span>\n                <input<\/span><\/a> type<\/span>=<\/span>"password"<\/span> class<\/span>=<\/span>"form-control"<\/span> name<\/span>=<\/span>"password"<\/span> placeholder=<\/span>"Contrase\u00f1a"<\/span> required><\/span>\n                <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"input-group-append"<\/span>><\/span>\n                    <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"input-group-text"<\/span>><\/span>\n                        <span<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"fa fa-lock"<\/span>><\/<\/span>span<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n                    <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n                <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n            <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n        <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n        <div<\/span><\/a> class<\/span>=<\/span>"card-footer"<\/span>><\/span>\n            <button<\/span><\/a> type<\/span>=<\/span>"button"<\/span> class<\/span>=<\/span>"btn btn-primary btn-block submitLogin"<\/span>><\/span>Entrar<\/<\/span>button<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n        <\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n    <\/<\/span>form<\/span><\/a>><\/span>\n<\/<\/span>div<\/span><\/a>><\/span><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n
<\/i> Ver demo<\/a> <\/i> Descargar<\/a><\/p>\n
 <\/p>\n
Conclusiones<\/h2>\n
Dependiendo del formulario que est\u00e9s llevando a cabo, una opci\u00f3n puede ser mejor que la otra en funci\u00f3n de tus objetivos.<\/p>\n
Si necesitas hacer algo r\u00e1pido, me decantar\u00eda por serializar los formularios.<\/p>\n
La opci\u00f3n DataString<\/strong> es la que he venido usando desde mis inicios en la programaci\u00f3n con jQuery<\/strong> y Ajax<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
A d\u00eda de hoy, dir\u00eda que la funci\u00f3n serialize()<\/em> vino hace varios a\u00f1os a reemplazarla.<\/p>\n
Pero, si quieres tener bien controlado los par\u00e1metros que deseas trasladar al servidor, dir\u00eda que DataString<\/strong> es mejor opci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n
Sin embargo, si quieres emplear las t\u00e9cnicas de JavaScript moderno<\/strong> donde la etiqueta <form> est\u00e1 en desuso, te recomendar\u00eda que empezaras a trabajar con el objeto Formdata<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
\u00bfQu\u00e9 forma crees que es mejor para recoger los datos de tus formularios?<\/p>\n
\u00bfConoces alguna forma m\u00e1s?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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